A Statement Of Facts About The Prosecution - 1412 Words

Statement of Facts The prosecution would like to know whether they can convict Rene Graham with armed robbery. Rachel Hunter is a white Caucasian 43 year-old married woman weighing approximately 125 lbs. and 5 foot 3 inches in height. Mrs. Hunter resides in Dearborn, Michigan with her husband Jeffrey Hunter. Dr. Rene Graham was charged with armed robbery of Mrs. Hunter. Dr. Graham is a Caucasian woman, approximately 6-foot in height, 165 lbs. and 30 to 35 years of age. Dr. Graham was found to be resident of Garden City, Michigan. The date of the incident was August 11, 2016, the incident location was the public parking lot of 37101 Warren Rd Westland, Michigan in which the Golden Corral buffet restaurant is located. Mrs. Hunter had no previous relationship with Graham prior to the incident in Golden Corral. Mr. Jeffrey Hunter had a previous relationship with Graham prior to the incident in Golden Corral. The prosecution would like to determine whether they can convict Dr. Graham with armed robbery. Mrs. Hunter was dinning at the incident location, from 5:00 to 6:00 pm with three of her friends. Mrs. Hunter was wearing necklace pendant that was recently giving to her by her husband for their fifteenth anniversary. The description of the piece of jewelry is a shining dark pink ruby and shining white diamond capital letter ‘R’ shaped necklace. The necklace has pink red rubies on the right side and white diamonds on the left. In Golden Corral Mrs. HunterShow MoreRelatedJury Trial Analysis Essay958 Words   |  4 Pageslaw system. An adversarial trial allows the accused or defendant to be given a fair chance to prove his or her innocence. The Sixth Amendment of the United States Constitution states that the defendant is to be given a fair chance to oppose the prosecution, have witnesses to help with his or her defense, face and question the complainant, and for his or her case to be heard by a group of people who are unbiased and impartial. This group is known as the trial jury. Jury Selection. To start the processRead MoreThe Political Sins Of John Stewart By Robert Hariman1324 Words   |  6 Pagesgoing to oppose accusations about cynicism on John Stewart basing its arguments on; the critical forum in defence of John Stewart by Robert Hariman and the critical conference on the political sins of John Stewart by Roderick P. Hart and E. Johanna Hartelius. Publicity can be paradoxical such that as much as it is nice to be recognizable to almost everybody, there is also the lack of privacy and the risk of being accused of misleading people by making a public statement. One John Stewart is chargedRead MoreCrawford V Essay1476 Words   |  6 Pagesthe jury Sylvias tape-recorded statement to the police describing the stabbing, even though Crawford had no opportunity for cross-examination. The State sought to introduce a recorded statement that petitioners wife Sylvia had made during police interrogation, as evidence that the stabbing was not in self-defense. Sylvia did not testify at trial because of Washingtons marital privilege. The tape was played at trial, but she did not testify, testimonial statements are at issue, the only indiciumRead MorePerjury1509 Words   |  7 PagesIt is important that the false statement be material to case at hand, means that false statement could effect the outcome of the case. It is not considered perj ury, for example : to lie about age unless age is a key factor in proving the case. Perjury can be used as a threat. Although, perjury is a very serious crime under state and Federal laws, and while prosecutors often threaten prosecution, the member of actual prosecution for perjury is tiny. The prosecution of perjury stemming from civilRead MoreThe Trial Stage Of The Court1235 Words   |  5 Pagesmotions phase. During this time, the defense and prosecution can file pretrial motions to suppress evidence due to faulty police line–ups, coerced confessions, and illegal search and seizures. Once all pretrial motions are filed, the process moves to the trial stage. The trial stage is where the case, from the prosecution and defense, is presented to the jury for their deliberation of the verdict. During the motions stage of the process, discussed about, Mr. Blackbeard’s defense will submit motionsRead MoreCase Analysis : Delma Banks1478 Words   |  6 Pagesineffective assistance of counsel during the prosecution of his case. He was on death row for 32, becoming one of Texas’ longest-standing death row inmates. On April 14, 1980, the body of Richard Whitehead, a 16-year-old white male, was found in a Bowie County, Texas, state park. After investigation, the Bowie County law enforcement officials determined that Delma Banks had been with Whitehead on April 11th. Charles Cook, one of the prosecution s lead witnesses, told the police that BanksRead MoreCriminal Trials : An Adversary System Of Justice956 Words   |  4 Pagesjustice to arrive at the truth in a given case. One characteristic of this system is intensive cross-examination of both defense and prosecution witnesses. In a jury trial, it is for the jury, which observes these witnesses, to weigh the evidence and make the ultimate decision in every case—guilty or not guilty. However, not every case makes it to trial in fact, about 80% of defendants plead guilty allowing them to just be sentenced and not have to go through the whole process of a trial. Other casesRead MoreRelevancy and Admissibilty of Evidence in Court802 Words   |  4 PagesThere are facts that are relevant to the issue and can be proved. On the other end there are those facts which cannot be proved on the ground that they are irrelevant to the issue. Such facts include the character of the accused and are broken down into facts of character evidence, similar fact, previous consistent and evidence of previous conviction. The general rule of law regarding the irrelevant facts is that they are inadmissible. Character evidence is regarded as irrelevant fact and the generalRead MoreViolence is the Physical Force Prohibited by Law799 Words   |  3 Pagesâ€Å"Violence†¦the unlawful exercise of physical force† (The Concise Oxford English Dictionary). How Well Does This Statement Define Interpersonal Violence? One of the most common ways of defining violence is to only consider forms of criminal violence and to argue that violence is the use of force that has been prohibited by law (Riedel Welsh, 2002, p.3). The Oxford dictionary when taking a legal dimension, defines violence as â€Å"the unlawful exercise of physical force†. This definition suggestsRead MoreTrial Memo1573 Words   |  7 Pages(Anti-Carnapping Act) ROMULO TAKAD, Accused. x----------------------------------------------------------------------------------x DEFENDANT`S MEMORANDUM Defendant, by counsel, respectfully submits its memorandum in the case: The Case The prosecution, through the undersigned Public Prosecutor, charges Romulo Takad with the crime of violation of R.A. 6539 (Anti-Carnapping Act) by alledging that the accused, with intent to gain and without the knowledge and consent of the owner, did, then and

The Lackluster Town of Holcomb - 1056 Words

Henry David Thoreau once wrote, A mans interest in a single bluebird is worth more than a complete but dry list of the fauna and flora of a town (Thoreau). Truman Capote, author of In Cold Blood, disagrees with Thoreaus sentiment and utilizes his description of Holcomb, Kansas to produce an illustration of a rustic village within the minds of his audience. Capote portrays the town as utterly average as well as drab and dreary in nature so that he can convince the audience that Holcomb was nothing more than a haphazard hamlet and to foreshadow the coming drama (para. 2). Through an ingenious application of vivid imagery, superfluous syntax, fantastic figurative language, as well as a tone laced with melancholy, the speaker effectively demonstrates that Holcomb is nothing special and induces a feeling of normalcy and simple serenity within the audience while simultaneously foreshadowing the future turmoil. In the excerpt from In Cold Blood, Capote couples intriguing imagery with his gl oomy and, at times, dull tone to emphasize the fact that Holcomb, like Maycomb, the setting of Harper Lees novel To Kill a Mockingbird, is a desolate place deprived of drama as well as to foreshadow that change is coming to the tiny town. Capote uses imagery to paint a picture in the minds of his readers of a ghost town utterly destitute of life and completely isolated in the wilderness of Arkansas. When the speaker monotonously says, ...irrelevant sign, this one in flaking gold on a

The Rougarou free essay sample

The Rougarou Deep in Cajun country there is a legend, it is the legend of a shape shifter known by the locals as the Rougarou. The Rougarou is known to suck the blood out of its prey, somewhat similar to the Mexican Chupacabra, but unlike the Chupacabra, the Rougarou does not have a preference to a certain animal such as the Chupacabra to goats. The Rougarou is known to stalk farm animals and decimate the bodies in the night, leaving the farmers in dismay as to who or what has killed his/her livestock. The local sheriffs departments seem to get quite a few of â€Å"strange calls† to disturbances on the bayou that most of the time are just trespassing or breaking and entry, but sometimes, just sometimes, things get weird. Local folktale suggests the Rougarou is a demon that takes human form to punish the wicked. Others say that the Rougarou is complete myth and should be tossed in the barrel with the loch ness monster and bigfoot, While some parents say that the Rougarou was made up to scare young children to behave parents would say things such as: â€Å"you young ones be good now or the Rougarou will get you†. We will write a custom essay sample on The Rougarou or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page One of the myths that surround the Rougarou is that the Rougarou torments damned souls. The Rougarou is that of legend, it has only been caught on camera a very few times and those times give the Rougarou impossible proportions. One such time that the Rougarou was caught on camera it was in a small parish in Louisiana. The Rougarou is described by those who have seen it to be 7ft or taller to have short legs and arms that drag upon the ground, but that is only one of it’s shapes due to the fact that it is a shape shifter. There have been many strange abductions that surrounds the tale of the Rougarou, the bodies usually turn up in the bayou torn apart and having no remaining blood in the body. These occurrences are few and far in between but they puzzle the police to no end, posing questions such as: â€Å"what is happening to these people? † and â€Å"who would do such a thing? The intrigue of the Rougarou has sparked many hunters to go after such a strange beast to collect the many rewards that have been placed upon the creature’s head. Some people involved in Voodoo believe that the Rougarou is what they summon to torment people, others believe that the Rougarou is merely legend, either way it is an amazing tale.

States by Edward Said Essay Example

States by Edward Said Paper Taylor Stephan Section 2 Exam â€Å"States† 1. Edward Said emphasizes the scattered, alienated nature of the Palestinian people. In my opinion, Said clearly displays that it is unfair to ask â€Å"What is it you Palestinians want? †. Palestine, once recognized as a country and a community, is now shattered into a plethora of pieces. These pieces, or people each with memories and experiences, were sprinkled all across the world. It would seem impossible to share national pride when one’s country does not technically exist. Palestinians do not have a unified home where they can share their sense of culture and their similar beliefs. Many Palestinians â€Å"speak of awdah (return)† (650). They want to restore their country, and glue together the broken pieces. Even if Palestine could be restored as a country, would it ever be the same? One cannot erase history. The Palestinians can never truly regain what they want, which is their identity and ethnocentricity. Questions can easily be misinterpreted. Misunderstandings due to poor communication have appeared throughout history. For example, in the 1940’s, America threatened Japan with an embargo, unless they cut relations with Japan. The Japanese mistakenly took this as a threat to their national security. The confusion caused the attack on Pearl Harbor, which is an extremely important event in American history. Japan and the United States were opposing forces, but trade held together the peace. This misunderstanding caused more hostility between the two groups. 2. Said explains that the photograph ignites negative, yet positive feelings about the condition of the Palestinian people. Said shows that this picture reflects symbols of vulnerability and disarray throughout the Palestinians. We will write a custom essay sample on States by Edward Said specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on States by Edward Said specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on States by Edward Said specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer This shabby house, near Senjel, is covered with weeds. It appears to be out of place under the coverage of the trees. Said is very passionate for his own people. He has a great deal of emotional discomfort seeing a photographic display of the dislocation of his own people. I do not know what it feels like to lose my identity and be viewed through a skeptic’s eyes. Although this picture does not appear to incite certain emotions and feelings in myself, it is plausible for Said connect his feelings. Said understands the meaning of displacement with regards to his people’s history. Extra Credit: I can still remember the tragedy of September 11th. I was in second grade. All of the students were immediately sent home or picked up by their parents. I did not understand the images on the news. It almost seemed like a surreal action film. My aunt was on a flight to New York City that day, but luckily she arrived safe. I respect the people and rescue crew involved during September 11th. I think they displayed a deep sense of care for fellow Americans. I hope that the directly affected families have some sense of peace all of these years later. States by Edward Said Essay Example States by Edward Said Paper Taylor Stephan Section 2 Exam â€Å"States† 1. Edward Said emphasizes the scattered, alienated nature of the Palestinian people. In my opinion, Said clearly displays that it is unfair to ask â€Å"What is it you Palestinians want? †. Palestine, once recognized as a country and a community, is now shattered into a plethora of pieces. These pieces, or people each with memories and experiences, were sprinkled all across the world. It would seem impossible to share national pride when one’s country does not technically exist. Palestinians do not have a unified home where they can share their sense of culture and their similar beliefs. Many Palestinians â€Å"speak of awdah (return)† (650). They want to restore their country, and glue together the broken pieces. Even if Palestine could be restored as a country, would it ever be the same? One cannot erase history. The Palestinians can never truly regain what they want, which is their identity and ethnocentricity. Questions can easily be misinterpreted. Misunderstandings due to poor communication have appeared throughout history. For example, in the 1940’s, America threatened Japan with an embargo, unless they cut relations with Japan. The Japanese mistakenly took this as a threat to their national security. The confusion caused the attack on Pearl Harbor, which is an extremely important event in American history. Japan and the United States were opposing forces, but trade held together the peace. This misunderstanding caused more hostility between the two groups. 2. Said explains that the photograph ignites negative, yet positive feelings about the condition of the Palestinian people. Said shows that this picture reflects symbols of vulnerability and disarray throughout the Palestinians. We will write a custom essay sample on States by Edward Said specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on States by Edward Said specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on States by Edward Said specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer This shabby house, near Senjel, is covered with weeds. It appears to be out of place under the coverage of the trees. Said is very passionate for his own people. He has a great deal of emotional discomfort seeing a photographic display of the dislocation of his own people. I do not know what it feels like to lose my identity and be viewed through a skeptic’s eyes. Although this picture does not appear to incite certain emotions and feelings in myself, it is plausible for Said connect his feelings. Said understands the meaning of displacement with regards to his people’s history. Extra Credit: I can still remember the tragedy of September 11th. I was in second grade. All of the students were immediately sent home or picked up by their parents. I did not understand the images on the news. It almost seemed like a surreal action film. My aunt was on a flight to New York City that day, but luckily she arrived safe. I respect the people and rescue crew involved during September 11th. I think they displayed a deep sense of care for fellow Americans. I hope that the directly affected families have some sense of peace all of these years later.

Predicted National Merit Scholarship Cutoffs for 2018 and 2019 (Updated)

Predicted National Merit Scholarship Cutoffs for 2018 and 2019 (Updated) SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips What score do you need on the PSAT to qualify for National Merit distinction? The answer to this question depends on where you live. To achieve National Merit recognition, you need to match or exceed the cutoff score in your home state. We’ve compiledtheNational Merit Semifinalist state cutoffs based on the most recent data from the fall of 2017.Before checking out the qualifying scores, let’s discuss how the National Merit Scholarship Corporation (NMSC) determines who is named Commended Student orSemifinalist. Howto Qualify for National Merit National Merit is open to U.S. citizens who test in the U.S. in the fall of 11th grade. Only your junior year PSAT counts toward National Merit distinction and scholarships, though taking the PSAT as a sophomore or freshman can be good practice, especially if you’re aiming for top scores. Students who achieve top scores may receive recognition from the National Merit Scholarship Corporation. NMSC compares your PSAT scores with those of other students in your state using its own Selection Index, which falls on a scale between 48 and 228. The top 3-4% of scorers arenamed Commended Scholar. The top 1%, usually about 16,000 students, are named National Merit Semifinalists. Semifinalists may go on to apply for Finalist status and potentially win scholarship money. As I mentioned above, NMSC uses its own Selection Index along with state percentiles. Let’s take a look at how your scores convert to this index. Just how many differentscoring scales are actually onthe PSAT? Want to get better grades and test scores? We can help. PrepScholar Tutors is the world's best tutoring service. We combine world-class expert tutors with our proprietary teaching techniques. Our students have gotten A's on thousands of classes, perfect 5's on AP tests, and ludicrously high SAT Subject Test scores. Whether you need help with science, math, English, social science, or more, we've got you covered. Get better grades today with PrepScholar Tutors. Understanding Your Scores on the PSAT To understand your National Merit eligibility, you mainly need to pay attention to your PSAT section scores for Math, Reading, and Writing and Language. Each section isscored between 8 and 38. NMSCadds each section score together and then multiplies by 2. Let’s say you got a 30 on Math, a 31 on Reading, and a 32 on Writing and Language. Added together, the sum of these scores comes out to 93. Multiply by 2, and you get your National Merit Selection Index Score: 186. Asan equation, this would look like: (30 + 31 + 32) x2 = 186. Based on our estimates for the qualifying PSAT scores, a score of 186 wouldn’t make it into the top 1%. Check out the cutoff scoresbelow. Does your PSAT score report look like a jumble of numbers? For National Merit, you just need to understand one: your Selection Index. Predicted National Merit ScholarshipCutoffs The cutoffs in the chart below apply to students who took the PSAT in October 2017.While the National Merit Scholarship Corporation hasn't released the exact state-by-state cutoffs it used, we have been able to crowdsource this information from individuals around the country. If you see any state cutoffs that look off, let us know in the comments! Here's the full list of Selection Index scores that qualified for National Merit Semifinalist. State Selection Index Alabama 216 Alaska 215 Arizona 220 Arkansas 214 California 223 Colorado 221 Connecticut 222 Delaware 222 DC 223 Florida 219 Georgia 220 Hawaii 220 Idaho 214 Illinois 221 Indiana 219 Iowa 216 Kansas 218 Kentucky 218 Louisiana 217 Maine 217 Maryland 223 Massachusetts 223 Michigan 219 Minnesota 220 Mississippi 215 Missouri 217 Montana 214 Nebraska 216 Nevada 218 New Hampshire 219 New Jersey 223 New Mexico 215 New York 221 North Carolina 220 North Dakota 212 Ohio 219 Oklahoma 215 Oregon 221 Pennsylvania 220 Rhode Island 220 South Carolina 216 South Dakota 215 Tennessee 219 Texas 221 Utah 215 Vermont 216 Virginia 222 Washington 222 West Virginia 212 Wisconsin 216 Wyoming 212 Average Score 218 If you tested in California, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Jersey, or Washington, DC, then the bar was especially high. You had to score at or above a 223. North Dakota, West Virginia, and Wyoming had the lowest cutoffs at 212. The average cutoff for all states was 218. If you haven't taken the PSAT yet and are aiming for National Merit, you should aim to get a Selection Index score 2-5 points higher than the cutoff score for your state. The reason you should aim a little higher is that qualifying scores can fluctuate a little from year to year. Aiming for a National Merit Scholarship but worried your score won't qualify? If you're not sure you can self-study your way to a qualifying PSAT score, you'll love our PSAT prep program, PrepScholar. We designed our program to learn your strengths and weaknesses through advanced statistics and customize your prep to be as effective as possible for you. When you start with PrepScholar, you’ll take a diagnostic that will determine your weaknesses in over forty PSAT skills. PrepScholar then creates a study program specifically customized for you. To improve each skill, you’ll take focused lessons dedicated to each skill, with over 20 practice questions per skill. This will train you for your specific area weaknesses, so your time is always spent most effectively to raise your score. We also force you to focus on understanding your mistakes and learning from them. If you make the same mistake over and over again, we'll call you out on it. There’s no other prep system out there that does it this way, which is why we get better score results than any other program on the market. Check it out today with a 5-day free trial: Based on these cutoffs, how can you figure out what section scores you need on the PSATto qualify for National Merit? Let's talk goals. What Should You Score on Each PSAT Section? As discussed above, NMSC's Selection Index adds your three section scores together and doubles them. In order to figure out what you need for each section, simply work backward. Divide your state's qualifying score by 2, and then split that up by 3 (or however you want based on your target scores for each section). Let's consider the average qualifying score of 218. If you have a selection score of 218, then your section scores add up to 109. To get this sum, you couldscore around 36-37 on each section (Math, Reading, and Writing and Language). If you're much stronger in maththan in writing, then you could aim for a perfect 38 on Math and a little lower on Writing and Language. Overall, you need to get a sectionscore in the 30s for each section on the PSAT to compete for National Merit. Again, aim for a few points higher than the minimum, as cutoffs can vary somewhat from year to year. If your goal is to be named National Merit Semifinalist, then you'll want to put in some effort towardprepping for the PSAT.Below you'll find links to useful resources, such as official PSAT practice tests and sample questions. You'll need to crackthe books to geta purrfect score. How to Prep for the PSAT The best way to prepare for the PSAT is to familiarize yourself with official practice questions and self-timed PSAT practice tests. Score your attempts, figure out your strengths and weaknesses, and design a study plan that targets your weak areas. Depending on where you’re starting out, you might want to put in 40 hours of prep or more. You should familiarize yourself with the test content to review key concepts and get used to the tricky wording of the PSAT/NMSQT. At the same time, you can try out different strategies for answering questions efficiently, like recognizing answer types and using the process of elimination. One essentialpart of studying is reviewing and analyzing your mistakes. Rather than taking a practice test and moving right on to the next, you should take the time to deconstruct your errors piece by piece. Did you misunderstand the question, lack content knowledge, or make a careless mistake? By understanding the root of your mistake, you can figure out what you need to fix for next time. All of your prep might not only pay off with National Merit distinction and scholarships, but it should also help you achieve excellent scores on the SAT! What’s Next? If you achieve amazing PSAT scores and are named Semifinalist, how do you go on to win the scholarship? This guide talks about the application process for moving from National Merit Semifinalist to National Merit Finalist and scholarship winner. If you're scoring highly on the PSAT, then you might be in a good position to get a perfect score on the SAT. FYI, you don't have to be a genius to get a 1600 - full scores are all about how much and how well you prep! Check out this guide to getting a perfect score on the SAT, written by a perfectscorer. Disappointed with your scores? Want to improve your SAT score by 160points?We've written a guide about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

The Benefits of a Postgraduate Year

The Benefits of a Postgraduate Year While many students have discovered the benefits of a gap year between high school and college, some students choose to take a postgraduate or PG year after graduating from high school. Students can take advantage of this year-long program at their own private school or at another school. Many students attend a boarding school just for their postgraduate year, as boarding school allows these students to experience life away from home while still having the requisite structure and guidance from teachers and advisors. While the PG year has been traditionally known to support boys, an increasing number of girls are taking advantage of this important program. Here are some reasons students can benefit from a PG year at private school: Greater maturity It’s not news that students at both public and private four-year colleges are taking longer than ever to graduate from college. In fact, according to the ACT, only about half of all students graduate from four-year colleges within five years. In addition, also according to the ACT, about one-quarter of students at four-year colleges drop out and don’t return to school. Part of the reason for this high drop-out rate is that students don’t arrive on campus ready for independent college life. A PG year allows students to develop maturity by living on their own in a structured environment. While students at boarding schools must advocate for themselves and take responsibility for their work without their parents’ constant guidance, they have advisors and teachers who help them structure their time and who help them when needed. Better chances for college acceptance. While parents are often afraid that students who defer going to college for a year are fated never to go, the colleges themselves prefer to accept students after a so-called â€Å"gap year.† Colleges find that students who travel or work before college are more committed and focused when they arrive on campus. While a PG year isn’t technically the same as a gap year, it can also help students have an additional year of experience, and it can help them be more attractive to colleges. Many private schools offer PG programs that allow students opportunities to play sports, travel, and even participate in internships, all of which can greatly increase a students chances of getting into the college of their choice. Better academic skills. Many students who go on to be great college students simply don’t come into their own until later in high school. The later developmental curve tends to be particularly true of boys. They simply need one more year to build their academic skills when their minds are better able to learn and improve. Students who have learning disabilities may derive particular benefit from a PG year, as they may need time to assimilate new skills and improve their ability to advocate for themselves before confronting the independent world of college. A PG year at a boarding school will allow these types of students the ability to advocate for themselves in the supportive world of a high school, in which there are deans and teachers looking out for them, before being expected to do most of this work completely on their own in college.   Ability to build one’s athletic profile. Some students take a PG year so that they can add luster to their athletic profile before applying to college. For example, they may attend a boarding school known for excellence in a particular sport before applying to college to play that sport. Some boarding schools not only have better teams, but they also tend to attract the attention of college sports scouts. The extra year of school and training can also help players improve their strength, agility, and overall mastery of the sport. Private schools offer qualified college counselors who can help with the college search, too.   Access to better college counseling. Students who take a PG year may also enjoy access to better college counseling, particularly if they take their gap year at a top boarding school. A student applying to college from these types of boarding schools will benefit from the school’s experience and long record of admissions to competitive colleges, and the resources at these schools may be better than what the student had at his or her previous high school. Article edited by  Stacy Jagodowski

Employment and discrimination law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Employment and discrimination law - Essay Example Moreover, for indirect discrimination claims in both sex and race discrimination, there are four conditions which must be satisfied: However, in order to rely on the DDA provisions for bringing a discrimination claim, Anthony would have to demonstrate a â€Å"disability† for the purposes of the DDA. Section 1 of the DDA defines this as â€Å"a physical or mental impairment which has a substantial and long term adverse effect on his ability to carry out normal day-to-day activities.† The case of Goodwin v The Patent Office6 provided detailed guidance section 1 of the DDA. The first consideration is whether â€Å"the application has an impairment which is either mental or physical7†. Anthony has been diagnosed with cancer, which will constitute physical impairment for the purpose of the DDA definition. Accordingly, Anthony’s condition will come within the definition of a disability under the DDA and the next consideration is whether the impairment will affected his ability to carry out normal day to day activities. The case of Greenwood v British Airways9 determined that this necessarily involved a factual investigation10†. With regard to the current scenario, Anthony’s job as analyst is impacted as he will need a week off every month for treatment. Otherwise, he can still undertake his duties. However, on grounds of the impairment to his ability to carry out the job full time, coupled with the poor economic climate, he is being made redundant. The next issue is whether the adverse effect is substantial11. The Goodwin case highlighted that the definition of substantial means â€Å"more than minor or trivial12† and is essentially a question of fact in each case. Relevant considerations include how long it takes to complete tasks and the manner in which tasks are undertaken.13 With regard to Anthony, he appears to have a senior position it is evident that her work has significantly suffered, which further

Systems Development Case Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Systems Development Case Study - Essay Example As Pepsico need to improve the control of its spending, this is the reason why Pepsico decided to implement Purchase to Pay. This way, Pepsico could more easily track and analyze purchases, negotiate important discounts on volumes and prevent the overcharged orders. Most of all, Pepsico's objective was to obtain a centralized database of vendors and to make the entire process easier. We are explained, that Pepsico used to pay each vendor at every purchase. With Purchase to Pay, Pepsico makes monthly payments for each vendor, making the entire process less bureaucratic and easier to follow as the vendor is provided itemized statement detailing each bill of lading, invoice number, the amount of each check, and the grand total. The systems development life cycle approach which would have been best used for Pepsico's project regards the nature of the waste that Pepsico suffers from its vendors. By approaching the problem directly where it comes from Pepsico is approaching the problem the best way. Identifying the source of the problem allowed Pepsico to dispose of a wide range of solutions to tackle the issue. Apparently, Purchase to Pay seems to be fitting. Pepsico states that they anticipate" a savings of more than $10 million in the system's first year of operation and more than $43 million over the next three years". If we are in the situation of putting up a systems development life cycle, in the case of Pepsico it woul... e are in the situation of putting up a systems development life cycle, in the case of Pepsico it would appear that vendors would result as an issue, mainly because they are initially the major part of the problem. We would have the difficult task to identify why there are some purchases that are overcharged by some vendors and incorporate these data to the system which would result in helping Pepsico negotiate volume discounts. However, this difficult task would become increasingly difficult as we have to face the other side of the problem, which are the staff of Pepsico who couldn't originally - by a lack of knowledge, training or data - identify the issue when dealing with vendors. In consequence, the investigation should reflect the need of Pepsico to have a better communication within the purchase department. The opportunity inside the environment would be the availability of the data to my disposition. Even though the purchase staff may not be aware of it, I believe that there will be an important mass of data at my disposal. Also, one of the others opportunity would be financial as I could never doubt that a company such as Pepsico would not have the sufficient budget for such an operation. On the other side, another issue, apart from the vendors could be time, as we have seen, important volumes are exchanged everyday. Therefore, Pepsico would need a very rapid answer and proposition to start saving money and minimize costs. I could not doubt finally, that the preliminary phase would not result in a "go" as I don't think any technical problem or incapacity would arise in the scope of the nature of the issue. Naturally, the enormous opportunity would be to initiate a systems development for Pepsico. Not only because I would be initiating such a program

Foreign Direct Investment Disadvantages Essay Example for Free

Foreign Direct Investment Disadvantages Essay There is a lot to be said for big retail to come to India, but we cannot simply be taken in and mimic something which is being pushed down our throats because those who make the policy appear to not have the faintest clue on how retail really works in India If there were clear answers in black and white to the question, there would really be no need for any debate on the issue, but the truth is that it is simply not that simple. On a philosophical and emotional level, the answer could be that any form of foreign participation in a domestic market is rife with dangers of the colonialism sort, but in this day and age, while the core concept of being wary of foreign dominance may still be true, the fact remains that there are plenty of ways to ensure that it works on a win-win basis for all concerned. The main problem with the current status of foreign direct investment (FDI) in retail in India is that it does not provide a level playing field to other players of the domestic and small sort. In addition, it appears to take a rather naive and simplistic view on certain aspects, which like myths being repeated, tend to become urban legends. On the other hand, no country can afford to take on an isolationist approach. To start with, it may help to go through the background and policy note on the Cabinet decision on FDI in retail, as put up on various places on the internet. Facebook, PIB) As this writer sees it, with a holistic view of the subject and not just based on jingoism of the â€Å"burn down the malls† (right view) and â€Å"bad for farmers† (left view) sort, but on rational evaluation of larger issues, there are some points which need to be straightened out. Large retail is inevitable, and that is a simple truth, but there has to be larger perspective for public good which seems to be missing from this policy. The people of India come first, including those who want a better product or service buying or selling experience, and at the end of the day i t is their wallets which will decide where they go. But at the same time, the government, with the policy as outlined above, cannot sell the baby with the bath-water, and make things worse. Some suggestions: 1) The present Agriculture Produce Market Committee (APMC) Act requires urgent revamp if we really want to help the rural and agricultural sectors with a better go to market scenario. This, along with rapid introduction of the goods and services tax (GST) as well as ease of inter- and intra-state movement of foodgrain, agri products and fresh produce, would do more to improve matters, as well as do wonders for our conomy in a variety of ways—most of all in terms of controlling prices as well as reducing storage and transit losses. 2) The policy shown above makes a case that â€Å"brands† by big FDI retailers need to be carried across borders without in any way making it clear that the quality of those brands needs to be same across borders, too. As of now we see that with these manufacturers and retailers there is on e lower quality for sale in India and there is a better quality for sale in developed countries—case in point being soft drinks, processed foods, confectionery, electronics, motor vehicles and others. If anything is by way of a different quality for India for price or other reasons, then let it be clearly marked as such. 3) Specifically in the case of packaged and processed foods, the policy does not say anything about adherence to best case scenarios in terms of labelling of ingredients and avoiding misleading marketing ploys, thereby leading to a situation where outright dangerous products are foisted on Indian consumers. The amount of product detail available for consumers in developed countries must be matched for India, too. India cannot become a vast chemistry lab for processed foods or anything else. 4) More empirical data needs to be provided on subjects like â€Å"improvement in supply chain†. India is the country where the passenger rail ticket deliveries, fresh hot cooked food by dabbawallas and diamonds as well as other precious stones by angadias have set better than global standards in supply chains, so the same standards need to be quantified and applied to those seeking 100% FDI in retail. It is not too much to ask for them to match the Indian standards—unless those who made the policy are ashamed of our prowess. ) The investments in retail by the FDI route, when they come, should come only through a short-list of recognised tax adherence countries. The misused option of FDI coming in through known or suspect tax havens needs to be blocked—firmly. Likewise, full disclosures of the strictest sort need to be made on who the investors are—again, these cannot be suitcas e corporate identities hiding behind consultants and banks in shady tax havens or other countries. Unlike what happened in, for example, airlines, Indians need to know who is investing and from where. And in case there are legal issues, then we need to know who the faces are who will go through the Indian legal system, unless those who made the policy are ashamed of our legal system. 6) The payment processing and cash management as well as tax adherence part of this industry, both in terms of procurement and sale, need to be through the Indian banking system. And by fully transparent methods, so that float as well as control remains in India at all times, as is the case in developed countries.

Impact of Gender on Communication Essay -- Gender Roles

Throughout human history gender has had a significant, if not the most significant, role in human life. It is clearly a fork in the road at birth that will determine many things you will barely ever have any control over. What you wear, what you eat, what you do; all is directly influenced all throughout your life based on your gender. These â€Å"gender-roles† have been long assigned without personal say, or even our parents say. In fact, it stems from almost pre-historic times to the beginning of our evolutionary chain. Regardless of more current acts that have meshed these rolls together, I think it is obvious to say we will always look at a man and women differently. It only seems logical that they two will also communicate very differently, which they do. Now we all have expectations of what the roles of each gender are. We all have an idea in our head about what the â€Å"real American man† is. He should boast a confidence that he is the main competitor. He can probably accomplish any task almost entirely on his own, and always does it better than anyone else. A male child is raised to aspire to have these qualities, therefore striving to display them in almost everything they do. Almost every â€Å"boy activity† revolves around some type of competition, always one versus the other. This ranges from recreational sports, like soccer and football, to silly games boy play on their own, like cops and robbers. Growing up in a highly competitive environment leads to standard characteristics we say amongst adolescents to young men. Men tend to be honest, direct, and factual. This leads to a communication environment where the main goal is to exchange information in order to solve a problem. This is where women will fi... ...any corporate cultures would even consider this innovative, and very effective. You are seeing more rising female executives and more stay at home dads than any other generation. Mainly, because now it is not out of the norm, and genders are encouraged to explore all opportunities. Not just those historically restricted to their gender. Obviously these gender roles are almost impossible to escape, but our society has shown great growth in regards to social equality. We have grown able to mesh the polar opposites together, and possibly have more robust communication now than ever before in history. We definitely are born and bred to have certain traits, but more than ever before we have more choices to actually satisfy what we ourselves want. The home is no longer a definitive place for women, and the executive office no longer a private lounge for men.

Teenagers of Today’s World Have a Better School Life Than Their Parents Had When They Were at School

I hear my father often saying to me that we, the children of the present age, enjoy more freedom than they did when they were children. I admit to myself, perhaps it is true. If we require anything, for personal use or for school purposes, our parents buy them without hesitation. They love to get us things we demand. Today, it is a very, very ordinary thing to find a school going teenager talking into a smart-looking cell phone, or browsing internet, looking for scholarships or other academic centre where s/he wants to go for studies in future. A growing child dresses well, goes out with her/his parents to swanky restaurants to dine, travels once or twice a year and has her/his birthdays celebrated ritually every year. Actually, these days, being the apples of the eyes of their parents, children will lack nothing that they can afford. All very well for the children of today. If we consider the above examples, some of us may agree that the children of our present day are indeed fortunate. But, consider the issue a little bit deeper. Are there actually roses, roses all the way for the growing children like us? Let us look around us, how the world is taking shape, how everything is changing. We can no longer be like the children of yester years, with a free mind and body, playing to our heart’s content, remaining childlike. With the exception of a few holidays every day in our life is bound to a regimental routine. We have to get up early in the morning, prepare ourselves for school, and come back in the afternoon. In the evening, it is homework time and time for the preparation for the umpteen examinations. In between the daily routine, we have to go to learn and acquire new skills, how to draw how to dance well and recite, how to compute like a professional and how to swim gracefully. Then there are more for others. Some go to learn playing tennis or chess, cricket or soccer, badminton or basketball. All this, we are taught, is for a successful life afterwards. We cannot hope to get admission in any reputed institute later on unless we score a certain percentage of marks in our board examination. Even after that, we have to appear for a tough merit test to acquire a seat in the institute. Our parents stake high hopes on us that we would bring luck in our family become someone to be proud of. Now, is it not a challenge we face everyday? A modern child has to face challenges everywhere. Security and love of the family cannot protect her from the competitive world. The on going onslaught of being left behind is always lurking. We always have to be up and get going. It is always study time. Would some one please explain why all work and no play makes Jack a dull boy?

“Pride and Prejudice”: Lady Catherine and Elizabeth Bennet Essay

In Jane Austen’s novel, Pride and Prejudice, Lady Catherine and Elizabeth Bennet are absolute opposites. Jane Austen portrays Elizabeth Bennet as an intelligent, independent, yet strong character, in a soft and feminine manner. The cruel and dominating personality traits are left for characters such as Lady Catherine. In Jane Austen’s novel, Pride and Prejudice, Lady Catherine and Elizabeth Bennet are absolute opposites. Elizabeth is a realistic and masterful character, which makes all her qualities of strength and independence intensify and create an ideal stability between her emotions and what is reality. Her passion and overwhelming capability to stand her ground is just an introduction into her ability to be able to oversee the weak, the naà ¯ve and the dominating. Elizabeth proves her daring abilities in her meeting with Lady Catherine, which leads to a battle between respect and independence. Elizabeth tested Lady Catherine’s desires for personal information by holding back her true story, and Elizabeth suspected that she was â€Å"the first creature who had ever dared to trifle with such dignified impertinence†(124-125). Elizabeth is a character who has enough courage to acknowledge her faults and her inaccuracy. After reading Darcy’s letter, she distinguished the fact that she had judged him incorrectly. She scolded herself for her inaccurate opinions and for being blinded by her thoughts. She wasted no time in facing up to the unpleasant truth about herself â€Å"How despicably I acted. Till this moment I never truly knew myself†(156). Her character is greatly respected and creditable for admiration. She is a character that is undeniably strong and intellectual, and at the same time fascinating. Lady Catherine is introduced into the novel as an exceedingly wealthy character. She has a desire to let others know of their inferior rank. Lady Catherine takes pleasure in involving herself in other people’s affairs. Without any hesitation, she recommends her advice whenever she feels necessary. She believes it is part of her right to inform people of how they should conduct their lives. She voices her opinion periodically throughout the novel, and makes her opinions clear, You know I always speak my mind, and I cannot bear the idea of two young women traveling post by themselves†¦ I have the greatest dislike in the world of that sort of thing†¦ I am glad it occurred to me to mention it†¦(pg.158-159). One of Lady Catherine’s most evident characteristics is her necessity and enjoyment of receiving flattering compliments. She loves to hear compliments from others because it allows her to keep her authority intact. Lady Catherine isn’t full of independence and strength because she thrives off other people’s inferior status. â€Å"Lady Catherine will not think the worse of you for being poorly dressed. She likes to have the distinction of rank preserved† (Mr. Collins, p.120). Lady Catherine is an uncomplicated character that feels disgusted by others who try to contradict her. Throughout the novel it is evident that the characteristics of Elizabeth Bennet and Lady Catherine, are at many times, repealed against each other. Most noticeable to the novel is that Lady Catherine seems to completely lack the capacity for reflection and self-awareness, while Elizabeth masters these traits and is able to use them to strengthen her personal traits. The two personalities of Lady Catherine and Elizabeth are so offset that it creates a feel of constant hostility between the two characters. Jane Austen’s novel, Pride and Prejudice, represents the qualities of independence and lack of self-awareness between the two characters, Lady Catherine and Elizabeth Bennet, who differ completely.

Meaning and Origin of Surname Jenkins

Meaning and Origin of Surname Jenkins Jenkins is a double diminutive of John, literally meaning little John. It derives from the medieval given name Jenkin, which itself is a diminutive of the given name John, meaning God has graced me with a son. The Jenkins surname most commonly originated in Cornwall, England, but became quickly popular in Wales. Jenkins is the 95th most popular surname in the United States and the 97th most common surname in England. Origin English, Welsh Alternate Surname Spellings JENKIN, JENKYN, JENKING, JENCKEN, JINKIN, JUNKIN, JENKYNS, JENCKENS, JINKINS, JINKINS, JUNKINS, JENKENS, JENNISKENS, SIENCYN (Welsh), SHINKWINN (Irish) Famous People with the Surname Jenkins Albert Gallatin Jenkins, American politician and Confederate soldierElla Jenkins, American folk singer Source: Cottle, Basil. Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967. Menk, Lars. A Dictionary of German Jewish Surnames. Avotaynu, 2005. Beider, Alexander. A Dictionary of Jewish Surnames from Galicia. Avotaynu, 2004. Hanks, Patrick and Flavia Hodges. A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989. Hanks, Patrick. Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003. Smith, Elsdon C. American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997.

Significant Inventors of the Industrial Revolution

Significant Inventors of the Industrial Revolution The inventions and innovations of the Industrial Revolution transformed the U.S. and Great Britain in the 18th and 19th centuries. Tremendous gains in science and technology helped Britain become the worlds dominant economic and political power, while in the U.S. it fueled a young nations westward expansion and built vast fortunes.   A Revolution Twice Over British innovations harnessed the power of water, steam, and coal, helping the U.K. dominate the global textile market of the mid-1770s. Other advancements made in chemistry, manufacturing, and transportation allowed the nation to expand and fund its empire around the globe. The American Industrial Revolution began after the Civil War as the U.S. rebuilt its infrastructure. New forms of transportation such as the steamboat  and the railroad helped the nation expand trade. Meanwhile, innovations such as the modern assembly line and electric light bulb revolutionized both business  and personal life. Transportation Water had long been used to power simple machines such as grain mills and textile spinners, but Scottish inventor James Watts refinements to the steam engine in 1775 launched the revolution in earnest. Up until that point, such engines were crude, inefficient, and unreliable. Watts first engines were used primarily to pump water and air into and out of mines. With the development of more powerful, efficient engines which would operate under higher pressure and increased output, came newer, better forms of transportation.  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹Robert Fulton  was an engineer  and  inventor who had become fascinated with Watts engine while living in France at the turn of the 19th century. After several years of experimenting in Paris, he returned to the U.S. and launched the Clermont in 1807 on the Hudson River in New York. It was the first commercially viable steamboat line in the nation.  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹Ã¢â‚¬â€¹ As the nations rivers began opening to navigation, commerce expanded along with the population. Another new form of transportation, the railroad, also relied on steam power to drive the locomotives. First in Britain and then in the U.S., rail lines began appearing in the 1820s. By 1869, the first transcontinental rail line linked the coasts. If the 19th century belonged to steam, the 20th century belonged to the internal combustion engine. American inventor George Brayton, working on earlier innovations, developed the first liquid-fueled internal combustion engine in 1872. During the next two decades, German engineers including Karl Benz and Rudolf Diesel would make further innovations. By the time Henry Ford unveiled his Model T car in 1908, the internal combustion engine was poised to transform not just the nations transportation system but also spur 20th-century industries like petroleum and aviation. Communication As the populations of both the U.K. and the U.S. expanded in the 1800s and Americas boundaries pushed westward, new forms of communication that could cover great distances were invented to keep pace with this growth. One of the first significant inventions was the telegraph, perfected by Samuel Morse. He developed a series of dots and dashes that could be transmitted electrically in 1836; they came to be known as Morse Code, though it wouldnt be until 1844 that the first telegraph service opened, between Baltimore and Washington, D.C. As the rail system expanded in the U.S., the telegraph followed along, literally. Rail depots doubled as telegraph stations, bringing news to the far-flung frontier. Telegraph signals began flowing between the U.S. and the U.K. in 1866 with Cyrus Fields first permanent transatlantic telegraph line. The following decade, Scottish inventor Alexander Graham Bell, working in the U.S. with Thomas Watson, patented the telephone in 1876.   Thomas Edison, who made a number of discoveries and innovations during the 1800s, contributed to the communications revolution by inventing the phonograph in 1876. The device used paper cylinders coated with wax to record sound. Records were first made of metal and later shellac. In Italy, Enrico Marconi made his first successful radio wave transmission in 1895, paving the way for the  radio to be invented in the next century. Industry In 1794, the American industrialist Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin. This device mechanized the process of removing seeds from cotton, something that had previously been done largely by hand. But what made Whitneys invention particularly special was its use of interchangeable parts. If one part broke, it could be easily replaced by another inexpensive, mass-produced copy. This made processing cotton cheaper, in turn creating new markets and wealth. Although he did not invent the sewing machine, Elias Howes refinements and patent in 1844 perfected the device. Working with Isaac Singer, Howe marketed the device to manufacturers and later consumers. The machine allowed for the mass production of clothing, expanding the nations textile industry. It also made housework easier and allowed the growing middle class to indulge in hobbies like fashion. But factory work- and home life- still were dependent upon sunlight and lamplight. It wasnt until electricity began being harnessed for commercial purposes that industry truly was revolutionized. Thomas Edisons invention of the electric light bulb in 1879 became the means by which large factories could be illuminated, extending shifts and increasing manufacturing output. It also spurred the creation of the nations electrical grid, into which the many inventions of the 20th century from TVs to PCs would eventually plug. Person Invention Date James Watt First reliable steam engine 1775 Eli Whitney Cotton ginInterchangeable parts for muskets 17931798 Robert Fulton Regular steamboat service on the Hudson River 1807 Samuel F.B. Morse Telegraph 1836 Elias Howe Sewing machine 1844 Isaac Singer Improves and markets Howe's sewing machine 1851 Cyrus Field Transatlantic cable 1866 Alexander Graham Bell Telephone 1876 Thomas Edison PhonographIncandescent light bulb 18771879 Nikola Tesla Induction electric motor 1888 Rudolf Diesel Diesel engine 1892 Orville and Wilbur Wright First airplane 1903 Henry Ford Model T FordLarge-scale moving assembly line 19081913

E-Logistics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

E-Logistics - Essay Example But this is not possible in reality. As e-business (e-commerce) develops there is an evolution in the logistical services offered by companies (Beebe, n.d.). E-logistics is a system of ‘automating logistic process’ that provides an integrated, end-end completion of services and supply chain management of services to players, who perform logistic practices (Zhang & Et. Al., n.d.). The development of logistics comes under three categories such as military logistics, business logistics and e-logistics. Nowadays, e-logistics has become the most modern concept in the logistics industry. It can understand and recognise the utility of electronic technology, automation as well as network technology (Weixi & Jian-Jun, n.d.). 2.0 Reason for Emergence of E-Logistics and Its Distinguishing Factors E-logistics signifies a process of acquisition and storage of goods and services and also the products’ and goods’ movement and their information in an appropriate manner wit h best service and lowest cost. The competitive environment has enabled e-logistics to function more effectively. Customers are provided best services with the help of e-logistics. Due to e-logistics, the products are delivered with better quality, reduced costs and shorter lead time. Companies can gradually organise their operations in synchronised time and make the information available according to customer’s needs and the products can also be prepared in time. Customers require not only latest information, but also immediate information regarding the place and disposition of the entire productive assets. They expect to have the information of the location of the asset with available transportation facilities. Based on this present situation, logistics is becoming chief enabler of ‘real-time response’ to the needs of customers. It is becoming tools which create space for important cost reduction. Overall financial perspective drill benefits from improving in v arious areas. E-logistics is advantageous for a company to investigate its internal resources as well as collective resources of vendors, suppliers, customers and buyers. The emergence of e-logistics represents challenges and opportunities for a company. Information need to be passed through both organisational boundaries as well as distances that split and span the whole enterprise. The power of E-logistics is present in its ability while bringing together former unlinked information access to the entire supply chain production and for developing effective tools in order to handle complex flow of information as well as materials (Jovovic, 2010). The challenges faced by e-logistics include limited retailing experience and in certain cases volume of return is not definite (Sarkis, 2011). E-logistics is an outgrowth of e-commerce revolution. As the information is gathered rapidly, a company can develop the logistics service with low cost (Business Week, n.d.). E-logistics leverages th e power of internet and other wireless technologies in order to provide vital information to supply chain participants. It also offers extraordinary levels of visibility across the entire supply chain. Emergent e-logistics solution providers as well as service companies are blowing into this prospect. They are tapping by means of addressing logistics issues which includes supplier selection, order fulfilment, asset utilisation, inventory management, order visibility and pricing (Beebe,

The Interaction Between an Individual and Society Research Paper

The Interaction Between an Individual and Society - Research Paper Example Human rationality implies, for enlightened thinkers, an attempt to know and understand the natural world, and the use of rational principles to solve social interaction problems. These attempts should culminate in the realization of enlightened faith and idealism in a utopian society. Nietzsche opposed this progress as being naà ¯ve but was unable to elude it. A second theme is those involving contradictions existing between commonality and individuality. Human consciousness was passive while accepting ideology, doctrine, orthodoxy and mass thinking, and it saw reality in the liturgy of vested interests. Ideology arises when a group advances certain socially constructed realities which serve their interests, but which are projected as being in everyone else’s best interests, even though others disagree or don’t understand it. Critical theory views rationality in terms of theoretical consistency and in the standards of pragmatic social reality. Rational planning for rea listic action involves regulative ideals, which have been formulated as enlightened possibilities for the acquisition of knowledge and proper conduct. Enlightenment’s theoretical reverence for reason proceeded in two opposing wrong directions. One became the instrumental reason for technological rationality and the other culminated in logical positivism which, understood knowledge only in logico-mathematical terms, denying any truth or practical relevance to values (Regelski, 2005). Historically, mobility, economy, technology and infrastructure rapidly transformed the metropolis, in disruptive and sometimes destructive ways.

The advantages of living in the East Bay Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The advantages of living in the East Bay - Essay Example ban areas becomes a great competitor for big city life with its constant noise, high level of pollution and fuss, as it is able to meet numerous demands of men seeking calm life free from numerous threats for physical and mental health. In this respect, the East Bay of the San Francisco Bay Area represents a vivid example of suburbs’ popularity among Americans due to the numerous advantages of living in its territory. For the beginning it must be mentioned that the East Bay is distinguished by its coastal living with every possible benefits of such an area. One way or another, the impact of a close proximity of the Pacific Ocean can be felt in all its contrasts being non-covered by muggy air of San Francisco. So, the residents of the bay area have a great opportunity to enjoy Mediterranean climate. Unpolluted air being mixed with favorable effect of the climate on humans’ health attribute to the general attractiveness of the region for families with children of any age. Adding to more or less safe conditions of county life, the quenching Mediterranean climate with its comfortable air temperature appears to be an extremely helpful for upbringing of healthy kids. Altogether, the East Bay climate alongside with remoteness from city pollutants turns to be a charming factor and one of the main advantages of the place. Comfortable houses of modern building design as well as diversity in their choice from ordinary, almost classical ones to penthouses with totally private area for spending vacations and leisure time in personal huge pools, roof-top patios and other facilities for outdoor activities. Anyway, the East Bay is a much more open space, so the life there is certainly more comfortable for a family and an individual than in urban areas. Furthermore, there are accompanying benefits of living not in a large city, namely: absence of problems with parking, neighbors’ placement at a sufficient distance, an opportunity to enjoy nature and communication with it in

Money Laundering And Its Effect On Indian Economy Finance Essay

Money Laundering And Its Effect On Indian Economy Finance Essay Money laundering is the process by which money earned from illegal activities is converted to legitimate money. Money laundering has been and is taking place all over the world which in turn is affecting the economy of world. In a growing economy like India money laundering is a growing and serious problem but is mainly confined to domestic activities that are far from being only drugs related frauds, corruption and smuggling are obvious additional ones (Lilley, 2003).The governments of various nations have been taking various measures to prevent money laundering, however countries like India which is a developing country, are still suffering with the problem of money laundering as there is a lack of general understanding related to money laundering and how corrupt business and government officials exploit this ignorance for their personal benefit. Even though money laundering has been recognised as a dangerous crime by Indian legislative councils, however the lack of general underst anding and insincerity on the governments part to enforce the laws properly, the crime of money laundering is growing and having disastrous impact on Indian economy. According to estimates put forth by international accounting firms, India is estimated to have a parallel economy of nearly 40 percent of its $600 billion Gross Domestic Product. Thats some serious parallel banking system (Singh, 2009). According to Brave (2006), money laundering is the process of turning black money into white money. In India the problem of money laundering is not just limited to hard core criminals but also other division of the society such as like politicians, bureaucrats, stock brokers etc. The Indian Media both electronic as well as print media regularly report various instances of money laundering scams involving political leaders. One of most some of the prominent politicians of India accused of money laundering are the CMs of UP, Punjab and Kerala and Jharkhand. According to news report published in Indian Express, UP chief minister Ms. Mayawati was accused of laundering money by using novel techniques in order to avoid tax payment legitimately. Huge cash donations were made in her name by people who didnt existed and by fictitious people. When a CBI inquiry was ordered it was found that most of these persons who made the donations dont exist or their financial conditions were such that the y were in no positions to donate such large amount of money to her (Sarin [online] 2004). Ketan Parekh who was a stock-broker is another well known Indian who has faced money laundering charges. He was in the news primarily for his manipulative dealings in the stock of 10 companies, which included Digital, Global Tele, Himachal Futuristic, Infosys, Wipro and Zee Tele, better known as the K-10 scripts. Following a CBI enquiry in December 2002, Ketan was arrested. He was accused of transferring the money received from the BoI pay order scam to various tax heavens around the world and finally to accounts in the Swiss Banks (Barve [online] 2006). According to Jayaseelapandian (2000) if money laundering is carried away successfully it lets the criminals to have control over their money and help them cover their sources of income thus making their illegal money rightful. Money laundering plays a primary role in achieving the desires of drug trafficker, terrorist organisations, gangs of organised criminals, inside dealers, the tax evader as well as others who wish to stay away from any kind of interest from the authorities. The primary objective of engaging in this type of activity is to place the proceeds beyond the reach of any asset forfeiture laws. As per Agarwal et al (2004), the estimated value of money laundered globally using the banking route is in excess of US$ 500 billion to one trillion per year. They further state that the global money laundering also exposes a country to attacks from terrorists, which is serious threat to any countrys integrity apart from adversely affecting a countrys economy. Also, of the estimated money laundered every year worldwide using banks, half of this amount is laundered by using US banks. As money launderers are increasingly using the banking channel for laundering process, the banks have a key role to play in restricting the outbreak of money laundering. Money Laundering is not a simple process but a complex procedure involving bankers, lawyers, car dealers, real estate builders, accountants and people, who allow their business to be used by someone to launder the financial gains of a criminal activity. As stated in the above paragraphs, money laundering is a big problem and it doesnt affect just one or two countries but is present at global level specifically in developing countries like India. India where the financial sector has just been liberalized is at greater risk as criminals and people with ulterior intentions can exploit the ever growing financial sector for their corrupt activities. This project aims at bringing general awareness among the people working in financial institution, banking sectors etc about money laundering. This aim can be achieved by studying the money laundering activities taken place in India and different countries and what measures are taken to overcome it. BACKGROUND Uribe (2003) highlights that the word money laundering came into existence in the early 20th Century, but the practice of disguising income earned from unlawful activities can be traced back to the 13th Century B.C at which time the oceans and seas were used as international trade routes. With the changing profile money laundering over the years has become more and more expensive, time-consuming method to carry out and eventually risky. According to Lloyds (1997) the word money laundering originated from one of the most famous mafia Al Capone or Scarface who created a criminal organization in 1920s in the United States as a result of to their activities such as gambling, liquor profits etc. They wanted to conceal their illegal money and to do so they opened legitimate business in another country and mixed their illegal money with the white money. He further states that in 1930s mobster Meyer Lansky gave rise to number of ways to launder money in order to hide the money earned from gambling, sale of illegal alcohol etc. He understood the significance of creating businesses, as fronts for his illegal activities as well as means to launder money. He bought a Swiss bank to transfer the dirty money through different methods such as shell companies, holding companies and offshore bank account. For carrying out illegal activities casinos are one of the most notorious business fronts. In the 1940s Las Vegas was notorious fo r being a tool of money laundering, and was fully exploited particularly by Lansky and Benjamin Bugsy Seigel. It can be said that Lansky was the first to establish modern form of money laundering and tax evasion. Furthermore, Uribe (2003) states that the concept of money laundering is certainly not new. People who undertake criminal activities for financial gain have always strived to keep all attentions away from their illegal activities and profit from their efforts. Day by day the methods of disguising money earned from illegal activity is becoming sophisticated. There are numbers of reasons for this of which some are given below. The globalisation of the financial system: In todays world technological advancements in communications and transportation have allowed the cover up of crime and its proceeds to become a much easier task. In matter of seconds money received from illegal activities can be wire transferred from one financial institution to another; Crime has gone global: It is no longer enough for enforcement authorities to be aware of what is occurring within their own jurisdiction. They must anticipate and cooperate with other authorities and jurisdictions as criminal activities can spread very fast. In addition, criminals no longer have the want to be confined to one country. They have understood that in order to avoid detection by law enforcement and local authorities it is safer for them to shift their property and business between countries. Thus as a result, international criminal organisations shift property from one country to another by taking advantage of the negligent legislation present in some countries that offers safe havens for foreigners looking to hide their money. In simpler terms money laundering can be defined as converting illicit money to legitimate money. This type of money is earned from smuggling, drugs, prostitution, gambling etc. It is the process in which the money earned from criminal activities are transported, transferred, transformed, converted into legal money to hide the actual source of income (Richards, 1999). Money laundering may involve various kinds of financial institution, multiple financial transactions, and the use of intermediaries such as financial advisers, accountants etc from different countries (Schott, 2006). The people in developing countries like India dont know what money laundering is and if they are asked about money laundering they would think it is to do with washing or drying of currency notes. Money laundering was not taken as big crime in the beginning but after the terrorist activities this has been taken as a serious issue and government have started taking action to control it (Barve [online] 2006). According to Jost et al (2002) money laundering in India can be traced way back to 1985 in the Choraria case in which the British courts convicted Choraria for trafficking of controlled drug known as heroin. Choraria was a banker who enabled payment for heroin imported to Britain illegally to be transferred to India. He had opened two legal businesses one was import/export and the other was a remittance business and part of the remittance business was Hawala. He had dealers transferring the funds in Karachi and Mumbai as part of heroin smuggling. Kumar (2003) highlights that India was one of the first countries in the world to introduce anti-money laundering legislation, way back in 1939 which was a wartime measure, in 1973 FERA (Foreign exchange control Act) came into force; more recent laws include the Foreign Exchange Management Act 1999 and the Prevention of Money Laundering Act 2002. But despite these laws in place, it was never forced in earnest. Laws such as FERA and now FEMA are regularly used by politicians to settle political scores against each other. AIM AND OBJECTIVES The aim of this project is to bring general awareness among the people working in financial institution in India regarding money laundering and how it is perpetuated and to fill the vacuum created by lack of training and research material related to the topic. Hence creating an environment where exploiting in the situation by corrupt officials and powerful people becomes more difficult and the potential damage to the economy can be minimized. Thus the following objectives would be studied to achieve the aim . Identify and analyze the process of money laundering and also research over the origin, core concepts and the evolution of money laundering with emphasis on Hawala or Hundi. Identify the factors which are providing impetus to the crime of money laundering. Why Anti Money Laundering laws are needed. Identify and research the current AML (in brief) in place around the world. Identify and discuss regulation of money laundering laws in India Gathering domain expert views over the running practicality of money laundering laws globally in general and specifically in India. . LITRETURE REVIEW Uribe (2003) highlights that the word money laundering came into existence in the early 20th Century, but the practice of disguising income earned from unlawful activities can be traced back to the 13th Century B.C at which time the oceans and seas were used as international trade routes. With the changing profile money laundering over the years has become more and more expensive, time-consuming method to carry out and eventually risky. According to Lloyds (1997) the word money laundering originated from one of the most famous mafia Al Capone or Scarface who created a criminal organization in 1920s in the United States as a result of to their activities such as gambling, liquor profits etc. They wanted to conceal their illegal money and to do so they opened legitimate business in another country and mixed their illegal money with the white money. He further states that in 1930s mobster Meyer Lansky gave rise to number of ways to launder money in order to hide the money earned from gambling, sale of illegal alcohol etc. He understood the significance of creating businesses, as fronts for his illegal activities as well as means to launder money. Furthermore, Uribe (2003) states that the concept of money laundering is certainly not new. People who undertake criminal activities for financial gain have always strived to keep all attentions away from their illegal activities and profit from their efforts. Day by day the methods of disguising money earned from illegal activity is becoming sophisticated. Money Laundering Process Money laundering is the process of changing the source and ownership of capital and assets earned through criminal activities to a legitimate source (Great Britain, 2009) According to Hopton (2006) Money laundering can be done in many ways. It can be a simple method or a complex method which could include international businesses and investments. However, as per the law money laundering has been defined in three stages namely placement, layering and integration. Placement: As per Molander et al (1998) placement is the first step in the money laundering process wherein the money earned from illegal activities is processed in the financial system. In this process the illicit takings is most open to detection. Gilmore (1999) highlights that the main aim of this stage is to move the money from the place it has been earned so as to avoid detection from the authorities. In this stage it has the greatest risk as the dirty money is deposited in financial institutions or used to buy asset. Once the money is forwarded to the financial institution placement takes place. Furthermore, Schneider et al (2008) states that placement can be done in many ways namely primary deposit in which people know that it is the right time to put illegal earnings into a legal financial system without drawing attention of regulatory agencies. The money is separated in limited amounts so that no identification or documentation is required while depositing the illegal money. The other method of placement is by opening new bank accounts in different countries also the corrupted co-workers are used as a way to place illicit money. When money is deposited in banks abroad it helps to enter financial or economic cycle. Another way of placement is through secondary deposit wherein the illicit money is transferred indirectly in the bank system thus converting it into legal money with the help of legal person. The name of unknown individual who work for them is used to open up new accounts, buy assets, open up a company etc. Indirect placement can also be accomplished by forward displacement of the money laundering location onto life insurances, financial service provider and exchange offices Layering: According to Chaikin (2008) this stage involves separating of illegal money from its origin by involving many layers of financial transactions and transfers. As per Gilmore (1999) it is the converting of dirty money to clean money in which the cash is split through various methods which are specially designed to cover the dirty money. It helps to cover the audit trail and provides secrecy. Layering is achieved by purchasing assets of high value such as diamond or by moving money into banks abroad or by overbilling of the value of imported goods. This stage is also known as agitation stage. Moreover, Schneider et al (2008) states that due to the electronic payment system and lack of efficient criminal prosecution helps to make layering process possible. Integration: Gilmore (1999) states that this stage takes place once the layering process is successful. The money is transferred back to the launderer as clean money and is mixed with legitimate economy and financial system. Integration process is generally achieved by setting up unknown institution in places where secrecy is assured. New forms of businesses give way to integration process such as a person can open a webpage and change his dirty money to clean money by showing income from the webpage. Figure1 shows the stages of money laundering. Figure 1: Stages of Money Laundering (Source: http://money.howstuffworks.com/money-laundering1.htm) In India the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) panel suggests that the existing anti money laundering laws needs to be strengthened. They have proposed strict rules to fight money laundering activities and according to which the banks need to improve the procedure and policies for creating proper customers profile and coordinate an cooperate with regulatory and other authorities. According to the panel, to stop money laundering the banks working in India must check the sources of funds in deposit schemes offered to expatriate Indians. The banks should appoint anti-money laundering compliance officer to check and maintain profiles of customers. A data bank for suspicious transactions should be created and forwarded to banks to help them identify the method of doubtful behaviors. The anti money laundering software was launched in India on 17th of September 2003 by Infrasoft Technologies known as OMNI Enterprise, which was first software adopted by India globally (Agarwal et al, 2004). Estimating how much money is actually laundered in the United States, or any other country, or globally is extremely difficult. Money Laundering is a largely secretive happening. The exact number of launders that operate every year, how much money they launder in which countries and sectors, and which money laundering techniques they use is not known (Brigitte Unger, 2007). However, a sustained effort between 1996 and 2000 by the FATF to produce such estimates failed. In fact, no direct estimates exists of how much money passes through the financial system, whether broadly or narrowly defined, for the purposes of converting illegal gains into a non-traceable form (Peter Reuter and Edwin M. Truman,2004). John Walker (1995) was the first to make a serious attempt at quantifying money laundering and initial output. His model suggests that US$2.85 trillion are laundered globally. As per an estimate of the International Monetary Fund, the aggregate size of money laundering in the world could be somewhere between two and five percent of the worlds Gross Domestic Product. While it is impossible to state how much money is laundered every year with authority, it is estimated that US$300 billion to US$500 billion in proceeds from serious crime (not tax evasion) is laundered each year (Scott, David. 1995). Though data on the size of money laundering is scant, UK and US officials estimate that the amount of money laundered annually in the financial system worldwide was roughly $500 billion some 2% of global GDP (Quirk, Peter J., 1997). According to international accounting firms, India is estimated to have a parallel economy of nearly 40 percent of its $600 billion Gross Domestic Product (Sing h, 2009). Table 1: lists several specific estimations of the value and extent of money laundering worldwide. Publication year Estimation year Estimation of Global ML Source 1995 1995 US$100-500 billion John Walker 1998 1997 US$ 300-500 billion U.S. Department of State 1998 1998 2-5% of the global GDP Michel Camdessus IMF 2002 1998 US$ 800 billion to US$ 1.5 trillion Simon Maylam 1998 1998 US$ 2.85 trillion John Walker 2004 US$ 45-280 billion Reuter and Truman 2005 US$ 1 trillion Baker 2008 US$ 1.425 trillion AUSTRAC 2009 2-5% of the global GDP (US$ 800 billion to US$ 2 trillion) UNODC (Source: Alkaabi et al, 2010) Hawala According to Fritsch et al (2001) the Hundi system can hardly be tracked and was developed many centuries before by bookkeepers who were keen to prevent bandit attacks on transcontinental caravans. In this system the money changer takes money from its customer to transfer it to another person in a foreign city which is often done within a day. The changer calls a colleague in the receivers country to deliver the money. To receive the money the beneficiary needs only a receipt which is generally a bank note or a code word mailed by the sender. This method is guaranteed not by fixed assets but by fear. Moreover, in Hawala system Bank notes and pictures are torn in half, and one half is given to the customer and the other is mailed to the beneficiary. The two halves needs to match for the transfer to be completed (Nove, 1991 cited in Carroll, 2007) However, Lilley (2003) highlights that Hawala or Hundi is a substitute or parallel process of transferring money. It exists and runs outside of, or parallel to, traditional banking or financial systems. Hawala was established in India before the Western banking system was introduced, and is one of the most common methods used In India and around the world to launder money. This system provides secrecy as there is no paper work and is based on trust. The money is not transferred physically. In this system the client goes to the broker in one country and asks to make payment to another person in another country. The broker then calls his coworker in the destined country and asks to make payment to the recipient. As a result no paper work is done and is based on trust. The funds are physically transferred at a later stage between the brokers. Furthermore, Mirza (1996) cited in Carroll (2007) states that in the Hawala system transfer of money is confirmed through telephone, email and fac simile. This method even offers pick-up and delivery of money. Dougherty (2006) highlights that Hawala is a value transfer system which has been in use for 1200 years. It can be said as a poor mans Western union wherein they pay 1% of the value sent. It is described as informal value transfer system and is recognized as alternate remittance system. As this method of transferring fund is very difficult to track, it is estimated that $100 billion to $300 billion of money is laundered through them every year. He further states that according to Interpol, with language that leaves and error, Hawala system of remittance can be said illegal in India. As per the law in India the conception of Hawala, such as transfer of value is illegal but more than that under the jurisdiction of foreign currency exchange laws, when Hawala deal includes foreign currency it goes beyond the line of illegality. Hawala can be used in any stage of money laundering for instance in the placement stage the customer can give the money to the broker. In the layering stage the m oney can be separated from the source and leave a puzzling or nonexistence trial and in the integration stage the money transferred from one country to another is difficult to track using Hawala. Hawala system helps in converting illegal money into legal money. The word Hawala is an Arabic word which means moving of money or information from one person to another using the help of third person. This method of transferring money is not traceable by authorities as no paper work is left behind. To launder the money the profits made out of Hawala transactions are put in real estate, films etc (Devi et al, 2010). Also, Hawala is assumed to be used by terrorist to transfer assets (Fernandes, 2002). One of the well known Hawala or foreign exchange case in India was the S. K. Jain (a Hawala broker) case who was arrested in 1991. Huge amount of Indian and foreign currency, some notebooks and a diary was discovered during the searches done in his and his familys property. The diary contained the initials of high level politicians to whom large amount of money were said to have been paid illegally (Wescott et al, 2009). Furthermore, Chopra (1996) highlights that the diary which was found during the search listed a sum of $18 million that was given to the government officials. Although Hawala is illegal in India, it is the corrupt politicians who give rise to such method. Factors which are providing Impetus to the Crime of Money Laundering (Vijay Singh) Many reasons can be attributed to the rising instance of money laundering around the globe of which some are given below. No agreements for sharing tax information with other countries Availability of instant corporations Corporate Secrecy Laws as the corporate law of certain countries enable launderers to hide behind shell companies. Excellent Electronic Communication internet, mobile phones, phones Tight Bank Secrecy Laws A Government that is Relatively Invulnerable to Outside Pressures A high degree of Economic Dependence on the Financial Services Sector A Geographical Location that Facilitates Business Travel to and from rich neighbors. Increase in sophistication and employment of professional people for doing the task. The politician-criminal nexus The lack of effective control over contributions to political parties and election expenses. This enables criminal elements to use their contributions to the political process as a safe channel for money-laundering and for gaining political influence to incapacitate the intelligence and investigating agencies so that they cannot effectively act against them(Raman, B., 2009). According to Agarwal et al (2004) Money Laundering is more vulnerable in the private banking sector due to the following six reasons thus giving rise to instances of money laundering. Private Bankers as Client Advocates The main players in private banks are the bankers who are trained to serve their customers. They open up accounts and move the money around the world using secret tools and financial systems. The private bankers are encouraged by their banks to create personal relationship with their customers by visiting their homes and organizing their financial affairs. As a result of this the private bankers may feel loyal for their customers and may avoid the controls made to detect or stop money laundering. Powerful Clients The customers of private banks may use political or economic power because of which the banks become concerned to fulfill their needs and ask very few questions. Also if the customer is a government employ with control over the banks in country procedure, the bank has grounds to evade fraud. Culture of Secrecy In a private bank secrecy is maintained and one of the examples is that in Swiss banks, accounts are opened by using numbers. Also, the private banks and clients use many levels of privacy to hide accounts and transactions. They open up shell companies to hide the identity of the owner of the bank account and also open up accounts in code names. Secrecy Jurisdictions Some private banks follow business according to secrecy jurisdiction and if the banking information of the client is disclosed it may be illegal and action can be taken against it. Culture of Lax Control At the time to follow the anti-money laundering controls it is the private banker who is asked to check the enforcement of anti money laundering controls. They check the history of their prospective customers and also monitor existing accounts for any fraudulent activity. Also, they are the ones to open any new account and increase client deposits. The private bankers become the advocate for their customers and do not follow the procedure to check their transactions. They do not ask enough questions about their funds and do not record the information provided in a proper form. Cut Throat Competition As a result of competition in the private banks for clients to increase their profitability, money laundering problem is increased.

In Support of Parenting Education Essay -- Child Development

In an perfect world, every child would be wanted and loved, and all parents would have the capacity and the desire to raise children who are healthy, mentally and physically strong, and displaying high moral integrity. Sadly, this is not the case. Some parents are, unfortunately, not much interested in what happens with their children. Other parents are not pleased with what is happening in the home with their children but do not know what to do to create effective change. Still other parents are unaware that there is another way, a better way, of parenting. Parent education could help in all of these scenarios. The literature demonstrates that parenting interventions improve the quality of the relationship parents have with the children as well as improving child social behavior (Scott, O’Connor, Furth, Mathias, Price, and Doolan 2010). Programs have been particularly effective when delivered to motivated, ethnic majority parents, but there has been little study of programs that serve as interventions aimed at preventing a wide range of poor outcomes associated with antisocial behavior, such as involvement in risky lifestyles, low school attainment, and a lack of satisfactory friendships (Scott et al.). There are, of course, problems associated with delivery of parenting programs; the greatest challenge is getting parents to participate when there is no mandate that they do so. Skilled personnel may be another issue; urban areas may have sufficient counselors and educators, but rural areas may not. A third issue is cost, although, as pointed out by Scott et al., â€Å"programs can i n theory be justified since in the long run they should reduce the high cost of antisocial behavior arising from increased use of services, higher levels ... ... Perspective.† Professional School Counseling 14.3 (2011): 242-249. Brannon, Diana. â€Å"Character Education—a Joint Responsibility.† Education Digest 73.8 (2008): 56- 60. Parker, David C., Nelson, Jennifer S., and Burns, Matthew K. â€Å"Comparison of Correlates of Classroom behavior problems in schools with and without a school-wide character education program. Psychology in the Schools 47.8 (2010): 817-827.. Reinberg, S. (2010). U.S. kids using media almost 8 hours a day. HealthDay News January 20, 2010. Retrieved from http://www.businessweek.com/lifestyle/content/healthday /635134.html Scott, Stephen; O’Connor, Thomas G.; Futh, Annabel; Mathias, Carla; Price, Jenny; and Doolan, Moira. â€Å"Impact of a Parenting Program in a High-Risk, Multi-Ethnic Community: the PALS Trial.† Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry 51.12 (2010): 1331-1341.

Internal information Essay

Accounting records are a prime source of internal information. They detail the transactions of the business in the past – which may be used as the basis for planning for the future (e. g. preparing a financial budget or forecast). The accounting records are primarily used to record what happens to the financial resources of a business. For example, how cash is obtained and spent; what assets are acquired; what profits or losses are made on the activities of the business. However, accounting records can provide much more than financial information. For example, details of the products manufactured and delivered from a factory can provide useful information about whether quality standards are being met. Data analyzed from customer sales invoices provides a profile of what and to whom products are being sold. A lot of internal information is connected to accounting systems – but is not directly part of them. For example: – Records of the people employed by the business (personal details; what they get paid; skills and experience; training records) – Data on the costs associated with business processes (e. g. costings for contracts entered into by the business) – Data from the production department (e. g. number of machines; capacity; repair record) – Data from activities in direct contact with the customer (e. g. analysis of calls received and missed in a call centre) A lot of internal information is also provided informally. For example, regular meetings of staff and management will result in the communication of relevant information. SAMPLE SOURCES OF INTERNAL INFORMATION: Balance Sheet of ICICI PERIOD ENDING 31-Mar-00 Assets Current Assets Cash And Cash Equivalents 1,479,000 Short Term Investments – Net Receivables 194,000 Inventory – Other Current Assets -. Total Current Assets – Long Term Investments 1,185,000 Property Plant and Equipment 48,000 Goodwill – Intangible Assets – Accumulated Amortization – Other Assets 81,000 Deferred Long Term Asset Charges – Total Assets 2,987,000 Liabilities Current Liabilities Accounts Payable – Short/Current Long Term Debt – Other Current Liabilities 2,454,000 Total Current Liabilities – Long Term Debt 57,000 Other Liabilities 215,000 Deferred Long Term Liability Charges – Minority Interest – Negative Goodwill – Total Liabilities 2,726,000 Stockholders’ Equity Misc Stocks Options Warrants – Redeemable Preferred Stock – Preferred Stock -. Common Stock 45,000 Retained Earnings 44,000 Treasury Stock – Capital Surplus 171,000 Other Stockholder Equity 1,000 Total Stockholder Equity 261,000 Net Tangible Assets $261,000 Source: Yahoo Finance Stock movement of I-Flex solutions Series Date Prev Close Open Price High Price Low Price Last Price Close Price Total Traded Quantity Turnover in Lacs EQ 03-Mar-2008 1,078. 95 1,037. 00 1,080. 00 1,020. 00 1,029. 90 1,042. 55 17954 190. 31 EQ 04-Mar-2008 1,042. 55 1,020. 00 1,075. 00 1,017. 00 1,047. 65 1,048. 25 36723 382. 44 EQ 05-Mar-2008 1,048. 25 1,070. 00 1,070. 00 1,030. 15 1,045. 00 1,039. 20 22219 231. 63 EQ 07-Mar-2008 1,039. 20 1,021. 00 1,032. 00 983. 00 1,004. 95 1,001. 50 22103 220. 45 EQ 10-Mar-2008 1,001. 50 955. 00 1,040. 00 946. 40 1,005. 00 1,015. 50 19099 192. 55 EQ 11-Mar-2008 1,015. 50 992. 50 1,065. 00 992. 50 1,045. 00 1,054. 65 21805 226. 22 EQ 12-Mar-2008 1,054. 65 1,100. 00 1,100. 00 1,000. 00 1,004. 00 1,007. 45 13398 139. 14 EQ 13-Mar-2008 1,007. 45 987. 05 1,010. 00 952. 00 954. 00 959. 10 15931 155. 65 EQ 14-Mar-2008 959. 10 962. 00 992. 00 920. 00 990. 00 983. 15 21685 210. 01 EQ 17-Mar-2008 983. 15 925. 00 970. 00 925. 00 965. 00 942. 95 12307 116. 99 EQ 18-Mar-2008 942. 95 931. 00 958. 50 925. 10 927. 00 936. 50 21230 200. 13 EQ 19-Mar-2008 936. 50 970. 00 978. 00 922. 00 925. 00 925. 55 21245 199. 40 EQ 24-Mar-2008 925. 55 948. 00 950. 00 895. 00 905. 00 908. 25 21626 197. 55 EQ 25-Mar-2008 908. 25 913. 50 1,008. 00 913. 50 990. 10 992. 55 58576 571. 10 EQ 26-Mar-2008 992. 55 988. 90 1,027. 00 974. 00 974. 00 986. 85 33402 335. 28 EQ 27-Mar-2008 986. 85 975. 00 1,003. 00 935. 00 951. 05 947. 10 118566 1,140. 60 EQ 28-Mar-2008 947. 10 970. 00 994. 00 956. 00 976. 00 984. 40 21658 210. 89 EQ 31-Mar-2008 984. 40 970. 25 985. 00 935. 00 948. 20 941. 10 39622 376. 60 Source: NSEINDIA.